ABSTRACT
Fertility and childbearing, in addition to the biological aspects, has always been regarded as a social phenomenon and, therefore, to understand the incident, values and beliefs, norms, and in short, the culture of any society should be scrutinized. Since the concept, condition, and value of childbearing is associated with cultural, social, political and economic dimensions, it has undergone various transformations during passage of time from past to present. The sociological approach of the current study investigated the evolution of the concept and value of fertility and childbearing in light of historical, social, cultural and economic upheavals. This study shows that the methods of rationalizing and legitimizing decisions about fertility and childbearing are defined and specified in the context of society. The rational for selecting the decisions is intermingled with social, cultural, economic, and political evolutions of the society like modernization, urbanization and the level of development in human communities. Today, fertility, childbearing and the number of children are not only connected with the interpretations of the individuals about the conditions and micro and macro subjective and objective factors surrounding them, but they are also linked with factors such as family income, the amount of time parents allocate to their children, quality of child nurturing and other family variables
ABSTRACT
Stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and its late burden has mainly been attributable to developing countries. Lebanon is one of these countries where epidemiological studies on stroke burden are scarce but necessary. Thus, the present study was conducted to assess the prevalence of stroke survivors among Lebanese inhabitants. A cross-sectional survey was carried out using randomly selected landline phone numbers on all governorates to retrieve data on stroke survivors and their sociodemographic characteristics. Results were then standardized over the Lebanese and the World Health Organization [WHO] world populations. A total of 6963 Lebanese inhabitants were included in the study; among these were 56 stroke survivors. This led to an adjusted stroke prevalence of 0.50% [95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.33-0.66%] and a world-standardized prevalence of 0.60% [95% CI = 0.42-0.78%]. A significantly higher stroke prevalence was found among older age groups and more socioeconomically privileged areas. Overall, the study showed a relatively higher prevalence of stroke in this sample of Lebanese inhabitants when compared to other developing countries. However, larger community-based studies with a clinical assessment of stroke cases are needed to confirm our findings
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Dental malpractice is the failure of a professional person to render appropriate services through reprehensible ignorance or negligence or through criminal intent, especially when injury or loss follows. Since dental implants have gained a special place in modern dentistry and this new treatment is a costly one, paying more attention to the prevention of malpractice is more important. In this study, we decided to survey the proportion of complaints of dental implant treatments and compare them to the total rate of dental claims in a period of 5 years. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study. Data was collected in Medical Council of Iran during 2006 to 2011 by the means of a checklist inquiring about the date of complaints, main complaint field, gender of doctor and complainant, degree [specialist/general] of the therapist, and the court decision. In regard to ethical issues, the name of dentist and complainants were not mentioned in any document. Data was analyzed using chi-squared test by SPSS. Result: From the total 44 dental claims, 93% were for general practitioners and 86.5% of the accused dentists were male. Moreover, 33 complainants were female. In 57% of cases the court found the dentist guilty. The complaints of male dentist in the field of surgery had the greatest percentage [50%]. The second field according to complainant frequency was implants and prosthodontics accounting for 27% of all dental claims. There was only 1 implant complaint submitted about a specialist, and all the others were from general dentists. There was no gender difference regarding dental implant complainants. Conclusion: According to study findings, implants and prosthodontics complaints are in the second rank of dental claims. Therefore, paying greater attention to the training process in universities and continuing training programs is necessary